Heat stress indices allow quantitative assessment of thermal stress to determine the safe limits of thermal exposure. Thus, urban dwellers are peculiarly vulnerable to heat stress health hazards. Irrespective of global climate change, cities alter their climate due to urban materials' impervious surfaces and thermal properties, which upsurge moisture and temperature in urban settings. In a tropical nation like India, high summer temperature and increased moisture with the arrival of the southwest monsoon (hereafter referred to as monsoon) aggravate the sultriness of the ambient environment. Human beings are adversely affected by climate extremes, pertinent to an increase in frequency and intensity of warm temperatures, eventually inducing warming on a global and regional scale. Our study provided insights into RH-mortality risk, helped draw relative intervention policies, and is also significant for future predictions of climate change effects under different scenarios. The effects of extreme low RH are higher than that of the extreme high RH in Beijing and Nanjing, while contrary in Chengdu. Effects of extreme low and extreme high RH were delayed in these cities, except that extreme low effects on COPD mortality appeared immediately in Chengdu. Low RH (about < 45%) was associated with increased diabetes mortality risk in Nanjing.
Both low and high (about 80–85%) RH may increase the COPD mortality risk in Chengdu. Both low and high RH may increase the CVD mortality risk in Beijing. We found that low RH in Beijing and high RH (about 80–90%) in Chengdu was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk. RH (mean ± standard deviation) were 50.9 ± 20.0 for Beijing, 75.5 ± 8.6 for Chengdu, and 70.8 ± 14.6 for Nanjing. From the three cities, 736,301 deaths were collected. Corresponding RH-related mortality fractions were calculated in the explanatory analysis. Low and high RH were defined as RH lower or higher than the minimum mortality risk RH (MMRH), respectively.
Distributed lag nonlinear models were adopted to quantify the nonlinear and delayed effects of RH on mortality risk. Daily cause-specific mortality counts from 2008 to 2011, and contemporaneous meteorological data in three Chinese cities were collected. This study aimed to investigate the association between relative humidity (RH) and various cause of mortality, and then quantify the RH-related mortality fraction of low and high RH under the assumption that causal effects exist. Future research should also consider exploring the effect of sports clothing on thermal, physiological, perceptual, and performance measures between males and females, and assessing clothing comfort using a multi-dimensional approach. The incorporation of protocols using hot and humid climates (≥ 30 ☌, ≥ 70% relative humidity) and longer exercise durations (> 45 min) is warranted. Clothing comfort has also been evaluated using simple scales which fail to capture intricate detail pertaining to psychological and sensorial parameters. Collectively, previous wearer trials have failed to replicate the upper limit of training and competition demands when assessing sports clothing in endurance-trained individuals who regularly trainĪnd compete in hot and humid climates. To date, few studies have identified significant differences in thermo-physiological, perceptual, and performance measuresīetween natural and synthetic fabrics or compared the effect of chemical treatments to their non-treated equivalent on such measures during exercise. Sports clothing comprised of natural, synthetic, and chemically treated fabrics hasīeen investigated during exercise of varying durations (15–120 min), intensities (20–70% VO2max) and types (fixed intensity, incremental, self-paced), and in an array of climatic conditions (18–40 ☌, 20–60% relative humidity).
Sports clothing consists of lightweight and breathable fabrics, surface treatments, and various designs which aim to enhance sweat evaporation and comfort during exercise in the heat. Impact of sports clothing in athletic populations during exercise in the heat. The aims of this review are to (1) summarise the current research of sports clothing as it relates to thermoregulation, comfort, and performance during exercise in the heat, (2) identify methodological limitations and gaps in the knowledge base of sports clothing, and (3) provide recommendations for exercise testing protocols to accurately assess the
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